虚拟人种志,人种志研究方法案例

1、什么是“人种志／实验 ”？

   人种志(ethnography) 田野研究的一种方法，主要从人类学发展而来，指的是研究者努力深入某个特殊群体的文化之中，“从内部”提供有关意义体系与行为习惯的报告。这种方法凸显了研究者不得不缩短的文化距离，如果他们欲使被研究的群落或群体容易让人理解的话。人种志学者广泛搜集用来描绘一个社会群体之状貌的素材，“在一段相当长的时期里介人人们的日常生活，观察发生的事情，倾听人们所说的一切，询问各种问题”(Hammers lev and Atkinn)。这么做的时候，人种志特别诊视语言的共同性——以至于这种方法也同交谈分析连在一起。人种志一般与人类学或社会学的分支相连，特别典型的例子就是主张符互动论的芝加哥学派，尽管如此，我们还是应该注意它与心理学里参与式观察的重叠。训练有素的人种志研究者旨在理解各种团体与群落之内的文化价值观，这些内容对涉及其间的人们来说具有必不可少的意义。将这种观察所得加以详细记述就可获得深一层的交流，因为人种志的著述会以独特的方式提供原味的引语、生活的历史与个案的研究：这些出版物常常对各种各样的读者都是可用的，因为其作者注重对实际发生的事件进行如实的、详尽的描述。

人种志研究的典型包括Beynon()对南威尔士中学班级的研究，Barbera—Stein()对照料学龄前儿童的日托中心的研究，Saunders与Turner()对赌场(betting offices)的观察。不管研究的目的究竟何在，其职责都在于进入现场，获得对那些被定义为共享特定文化价值观的群体所做的定性分析。尽管这种方法得到许多支持，对于那种没有什么成效的实验研究方法，或是肤浅的、定量的问卷调查方法来说，它是一种替代性的选择，但是，我们应该注意人种志里隐含的潜在含意——“外部存在一个真实的世界”，而它有别于社会研究者的学术框架。其实，人种志的著述有时反映的是研究者对种族身份的寻，而不是对种族价值观的阐释。

虽然这种方法在具体阐明理论与引发实际的研究工作两个方面都有许多优势，但某些批评还是应该留意。观察可以是公开的或隐蔽的——后者意味着研究者对观察群体进行渗透的程度，以及对某些方面可能歪曲或伤害群体成员的信息进行公开的可能性。与这种道德问题相伴的，还有研究者为取得支持其预设假说或理论的证据而对各种文化的“劫”——定性材料是那么容易被操纵，又是那么容易得到选择性的删节。但是，即使假定研究者为人正派为学严谨，也还确实存在这样一种真实的可能性，即人种志研究者提供的是关于群体如何行事与如何感知其世界的一种功能性的叙述，没有包括关于该群体在某种社会等级里的经济与政治关系方面更具结构意味的视角。基本上，人种志研究里可能有大量的描述性内容，而缺少解释或理论建构。

另一层顾虑针对的是，研究者难于真正达到对另外群体的观念与／或语言的理解——特别是当诸如阶级这样的屏障存在之时(注意中产阶级几乎不大可能成为人种志研究的考察对象)。最后，即使研究者与被研究群体达到融合的程度，我们还是应该问一下，当研究者完成项目而又去进行新的研究时，那些被留在其身后的人们又怎么着呢?

实验(expriment) 一种按科学程序进行控制的状态或过程，其间，经过选择的变量被孤立，然后进行经验观察式的详细研究，以便验证某种假设。比如，一个经过设计用来验证某个广告有效程度的实验项目，可能将受众是否选择广告所说的产品作为因变量(dependent variable)。因变量会受到诸如产品包装的颜色与质量、接受实验的是男性还是女性等自变量(independent variable)的影响。这一系列操纵每个变量(或变量合成)而排除其他变量(与其他变量合成)的实验，被精心设计以确认究竟广告里的哪些构成因素在说服购买者方面最有效果。

体现于实验设计与实施中的偏误，以及随之而来的对实验数据的解释等问题，不断受到人们的着重强调(比如，参阅荣格)。实验室常常作为人为的设置而用于实验过程，虽然并非总是如此。这是因为在自然环境下变量总是不能得到控制，而在真实的“外部”世界内也不能观察这种控制的效果。这里的问题在于实验所设计的是一种高度人为化的状态，它有利于获得自信的推断而排除与非实验室情景的冲突。因此，实验就面临两个需要考虑的主要事项第一，实验室的实验能够代表“真正的生活”环境到什么程度。第二，实验样本能够代表全部人口到什么程度。这两个要点提出了一个普遍的问题，即在实验室里用观察实验法而产生的数据是否具有可靠性与普遍性。

实验性的研究方法在效果研究的传统里比较通行，它与传播学里皮下注射模式的研究关系密切。一个典型的研究方案，会涉及一种控制的状态与一种实验的状态。就像让实验组接触“异常”状态，而由控制组以“正常”的事态提供某些平行比较的内容。受到观察的行为模式所显示的任何差异，据称都可归于实验的控制问题。比如，我们可能对电视上的暴力内容影响儿童的问题感兴趣。我们的研究就不得不尽力把观看非暴力节目，同观看暴力节目与从不观看任何电视节目的不同效果区别开来。于是，就有下列三组人员会得到详细考察：

A组：观看暴力节目

B组：观看非暴力节目

C组：从不看电视节目

C组构成一个控制组，因为它的作用是作为一个基准，我们可以以此来检测观看电视的效果，不管节目的内容是什么。这些小组里的所有儿童都按照某种方式接受检测——在观看节目之前与之后(A组与B组)，或者某些其他行为(C组)。然后将他们的不同表现进行对比。不过，人们难于控制所有在研究这种传播活动时可能起作用的干扰性变量。比如，仅仅是处于实验室的条件下，作为某些人为状态的受骗者，控制对象的行为就可能轻易受到影响。对那种有关实验设计里包含控制组一类的经验论与客观性的主张保持批判性颇为重要。

2、什么是rapid ethnographic research methods

   快速人种志研究方法

民族志研究普遍上又被称为「人种志研究」

rapid

a.

1. 快的,迅速的;动作快的

He had a rapid recovery from his illness.

他迅速恢复了健康。

2. 陡的,险峻的

The old man had difficulty climbing the rapid ascent.

这位老人攀登这条陡峭的上坡路有困难。

n.

1. 急流;急湍[P][G]

The canoeist succeeded in going over the rapids.

操独木舟者成功地渡过了激流。

2. 城市高速铁路(客车)[C]

ethnographic

人种志的

Introduction

The Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Procedures (REAP) of the Civil War Defenses of Washington (al known as the Fort Circle Parks) and Anacostia Park in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area were designed to assist the National Park Service in preparing management plans. The study builds on the National Park Service'smitment to collaborate withmunities in the vicinity of its park units, and to use applied ethnographic research to learn of cultural issues and other local concerns. The study had two overarching goals: to identify and document cultural meanings and traditions people attach to the parks, and to licit concerns and suggestions for change from park neighbors and visitors. Researchers were to report these concerns without acting as their advocates.

Method

The study was carried out from December to March . The research questions focused on historical and contemporary links between parks andmunities, categories of park users and nonusers, the reurces visitors used, the meanings and values they attached to those reurces, their relations with the National Park Service (NPS), and the changes they would like to see. The research questions were answered using Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Procedures, modified to account for the winter research sean and for the diversity of parks in size, location, and function.

快速图解调查法

再看看别人怎么说的。

3、人种志是1种多元文化视角下的研究方法是不是正确

   算是正确地 查看原帖>>

应当不正确，由于人人同等

4、research methods有哪些

   Study 1 summary

At present the introduction of foreign words has reached a new peak, while the corresponding theoretical study and standardize the work it is lagging behind. In the theoretical research efforts should be made to explore new research point of view, the introduction of new research methods, to strengthen the collection of foreign language study anize and expand job scope. at normative norms should be made clear the purpose of objects, based on the principles and the current mission. 2 Research significance

From research in English different Loanwords this small point, which will deepen the problem to various fields. Through this study, we can learn foreign words on the use of English was mainly caused by the respective country in the economic sphere, the political sphere and the impact of the cultural field. Whether or not a result of the countries to promote national economic development, cultural exchanges and historical and cultural development of the cause. 3 Research questions

A country into the vocabulary in English and the development of foreign words in English, there is sure it has aplex cultural history of the process. Thus, we have to study theseplex factors. Mainly from three aspects, one, What are the main foreign words into English in the past; two, why would these foreign words into English Medium COME; three, the vocabulary of English influence. 4 thesis of anizational structure

For foreign vocabulary in English this topic, we should first clear exposition of our problem is that we study the problems mentioned. Secondly, to lve the problem at the process of our own arguments. The third step, with strong evidence to go by the scientific arguments put forward for certification. Finally, arrive at the conclusion of the study. Easy to say, that is, by a clue: It was found that argument argument argument arguments e to the conclusion put up the full text throughout

快速人种志研究方法

民族志研究普遍上又被称为「人种志研究」

rapid

a.

1. 快的,迅速的;动作快的

he had a rapid recovery from his illness.

他迅速恢复了健康。

2. 陡的,险峻的

the old man had difficulty climbing the rapid ascent.

这位老人攀登这条陡峭的上坡路有困难。

n.

1. 急流;急湍[p][g]

the canoeist succeeded in going over the rapids.

操独木舟者成功地渡过了激流。

2. 城市高速铁路(客车)[c]

ethnographic

人种志的

introduction

the rapid ethnographic assessment procedures (reap) of the civil war defenses of washington (al known as the fort circle parks) and anacostia park in the washington, dc, metropolitan area were designed to assist the national park service in preparing management plans. the study builds on the national park service'smitment to collaborate withmunities in the vicinity of its park units, and to use applied ethnographic research to learn of cultural issues and other local concerns. the study had two overarching goals: to identify and document cultural meanings and traditions people attach to the parks, and to licit concerns and suggestions for change from park neighbors and visitors. researchers were to report these concerns without acting as their advocates.

method

the study was carried out from december to march . the research questions focused on historical and contemporary links between parks andmunities, categories of park users and nonusers, the reurces visitors used, the meanings and values they attached to those reurces, their relations with the national park service (nps), and the changes they would like to see. the research questions were answered using rapid ethnographic assessment procedures, modified to account for the winter research sean and for the diversity of parks in size, location, and function.